Developers who want to keep a particular FileMaker version and need to upgrade their machine's macOS to a version not supported by the FM version in question, can install that FMP in a virtual machine like UTM.
The UTM website provides a detailed step-by-step description of how to set up a virtual macOS host on which the FMP can be installed.
I also use virtual machines on UTM for FileMaker Server. I always set up a new VM when a new FMS version is released. If there are problems with the new FMS, I can always switch back to the previous VM.
I also like to remind everyone, that you can keep older FileMaker versions on current macOS and still run them from time to time to check something. Yes, they may show a few issues, but mostly still work. My current collection here:
On Windows I do the same by duplicating the FileMaker app folder and then rename it. After that I can uninstall old version and install new version. This way the installer can connect .fmp12 extension to latest version.